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朱子学から古文辞学へ

朱子学から古文辞学へ
4
Razan and the other Confucian scholars were devotees of Neo-Confucianism, a philosophical approach developed in the Song period(#) by the philosopher Zhu Xi (1130-1200). Neo-Confucianism explains nature, society, and even individual behavior through metaphysical concepts such as “reason” (li [J. ri], the fundamental principle behind all phenomena), “matter” (qi [J. ki], matter as directed by reason which makes up all things), “nature” (xing [J. sei], reason as manifested within each person), and “emotions” (qing [J. ], “nature” in action). Although the key texts of Neo-Confucianism are the Five Classics and the Four Books (the same as in Confucianism), Neo-Confucian theories are nowhere to be found in these texts; rather, they were fashioned by freely pasting together and interpreting select passages.
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The turn of the 18th century saw the appearance of Confucian scholars like Itō Jinsai (1627-1705) and Ogyū Sorai (1666-1728), who thought that such theories were actually an obstacle to man’s actual nature (Jinsai), or who viewed political and social life as essentially separate from individual morality (Sorai). They offered a critique of Neo-Confucianism and sought a return to the orthodox interpretation of the core texts, which, for them, meant interpreting them in the light of the language and culture of their time. The meaning of words changes with time and the way texts are read and interpreted always inevitably reflects at least in part the spirit of the time in which they are read.
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So how is one to recapture—to the extent that it is possible—their original meaning? These scholars (and Ogyū Sorai in particular) not only studied extensively ancient texts, but endeavored to imitate their style in their own writing. Because ancient literary works reflect the feelings and thoughts of the ancients, by mimicking their style, Sorai and his associates hoped to get closer to the hearts and ways of feeling of these authors. This literary movement is known as the Kobunji-ha (“Writing-in-the-Ancient-Style school”) and it originated in China in the 16th century. In Japan, it thrived in the 18th century with Sorai and his disciples as the most representative figures.
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The Chinese “Writing in the Ancient Style School” favored “the prose of the Qin[#] and the Han[#] and the poetry of the High Tang[#].” Most people knew the latter through the popular, late-Ming[#] anthology Tangshi xuan (J. Tōshisen, “Selection of Tang Poetry,” late 16th or early 17th c.) When the Tangshi xuan was published in Japan, it was an immediate sensation. Like the Santishi, it eventually spawned a wealth of derivative works, including original commentaries and even parodies. In the following steps, we will look at some of these works and their position in the burgeoning print culture of the Edo period.

17世紀末から18世紀になると、林家に代表される「朱子学」から「古文辞学」が主流となってきます。

そして、古文辞学で重んじられた秦および漢代の文章と盛唐(7世紀後半から8世紀前半)を中心とする唐詩をあつめた『唐詩選』という作品が出版され一大ブームとなります。

ここからは、その『唐詩選』について詳しく見ていきまます。まずは、「古文辞学」とは何か?どのようにして登場してきたのかといった背景を、ビデオでご覧ください。

「朱子学」の基本概念

  • 理:個別の事物に存在する根本的な論理
  • 気:理によって統率されて、個別の事物を形作っている物質
  • 性:人間のなかにある理
  • 情:性が活動した状態

ビデオで紹介した書籍

書籍情報と高品質画像は特設サイトでご覧ください。

  • 『唐詩選』嘉永7年(=安政元年、1854)刊(個人蔵)

Keywords introduced in the video

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古書から読み解く日本の文化: 漢籍の受容

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