Helen Gräwert
I write, translate (ES>EN) and manage the words on websites for businesses and organisations across Europe who need to reach and connect with English-speaking audiences. Website: www.concisecontent.eu
Location Spain
Activity
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
The use of dialect (Yorkshire Tea) and the use of stereotypical imagery (Burger King) to "emphasise the supposed geographical or cultural origins" are, in my view, two different approaches.
The first draws on a consumer's initimate knowledge of that geography/culture, in that they recognise subtle language use and a very specific region, and they feel a...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
The example of Yorkshire Tea is an interesting one, because it seems to be drawing more on the connection, associations and values that consumers in or from the UK have about or share with their notion of Yorkshire. For example, the language used (e.g. 'proper brew') is very subtle and might not be picked up by some speakers of English as a second...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Product: As a Brit, I'll have to go for Marmite. Yes, I love it - and right there is a tagline ('You either love it or you hate it') that may need to be rethought or restructured slightly.
Marmite is so ingrained in the British psyche that nearly everyone has a strong opinion on it, and this has informed the branding strategy. A slightly different approach...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Thank you for the fascinating introduction, can't wait to get stuck in. I'm a British web copywriter and translator based in a part of Spain whose main economy is tourism.
That in itself makes the island (Mallorca) a globalised product as the tourist boards, etc, aim to reach and engage both domestic and foreign markets to entice visitors. However, there...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Hi everyone. I'm a British web copywriter and translator (ES/CA>EN) based in Catalan-speaking Spain and married to a German.
I've completed other FutureLearn courses on translation and multilingualism as part of my CPD, and this course seems to be a great fit too.
I'm interested in translation, localisation, transcreation and communication between...
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@RaphaëlleRomana It's interesting to hear your first-hand experience of such a situation, thank you for sharing it. What a difficult time for the lady you care for/are in contact with, and for her family. You must bring her (and them) a great deal of comfort, communication is such a basic need.
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Thank you for the info; unfortunately, only online programmes are a possibility for me (and perhaps for many people who choose the FutureLearn platform). Good luck with your programmes, they look really interesting!
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
This has been a truly fascinating course, thank you to the course creators and moderators for preparing it, and fellow students for sharing your experiences. I've learnt so much from you all! Good luck to everyone for the future :)
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Of the three words/phrases mentioned above as being used in English, I can honestly say I have only ever heard one of them ('bon vivant') used by English speakers in my entire life!
I've checked and 'mutatus mutandis' is in the dictionary, so while it's certainly not an everyday phrase, it's recognised. But 'Fahrvergnuegen' doesn't come up in my complete...
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Helen Gräwert replied to Mario Martínez
Spanish is such a rich tapestry of influences, with Arabic (in words like 'ajedrez' and in place names like Biniali here in Mallorca), but also words such as 'izquierda' from the Basque 'ezkerra' (I found this out recently in a great book: https://www.fundeu.es/blog/la-fundeu-reune-1001-curiosidades-de-espanol-ordenadas-de-10-en-10/).
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@SibrechtVeenstra The Romani (or traveller) communities in the UK are regarded as being very close-knit and fiercely protective of their family groups and society. Perhaps this also contributes to the survival of the heritage/home language, as it reduces the impact of and contact with the dominant local language?
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@SibrechtVeenstra Haha, yes, as soon as I went to the next step I realised that :)
Thank you for the extra info about the similarities between Dutch, Frisian and the various dialects. It really is a very interesting field!
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
To course moderators: the link provided in two places above does not work (http://home.lu.lv/~pva/Sociolingvistika/0710892_68436_mesthrie_rajend_et_al_introducing_sociolinguistics.pdf). It says that we are not authorised to view the page.
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
1) How old are you, and when and why did you decide to learn the language? For example, for personal, business or purely interest reasons?
2) Did you have any prior exposure to the language? For example, within your family, in your place of work or education, or in another way?
3) How have you learnt the language and how do you plan to maintain or improve... -
@RaphaëlleRomana I have just found the following article (related to a different unit here on the course) and I thought back to this conversation. We were of course all thinking in the short term, but this takes a longer term view.
It's about bilingual speakers and issues such as dementia, and it looks at the challenges in healthcare for bilingual speakers...
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@SibrechtVeenstra I've also just found this article (authors from several UK universities), which you might find interesting. It's on the same topic, but looks at the issue of a second language fading and speakers reverting to their dominant childhood language.
It mentions a play examining the issue (impact on personal relationships, etc), about a Gaelic...
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@SibrechtVeenstra No, I couldn't find anything either. But I did find the following from Alzheimer's Research UK, where the Chief Scientific Officer refers specifically to being truly bilingual being the benefit in delaying onset: https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/speaking-second-language-shows-benefits-alzheimers/
So I guess it would seem to be a...
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Helen Gräwert replied to Helen Gräwert
@AuroraMattei Exactly! Perhaps it reflects where the invaders came from at some point (from mainland Europe), and pushed the indigenous communities back towards the Celtic-speaking West? The map seems to indicate a split along those lines, and it fits with the other Celtic-family languages of Wales and Ireland.
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
A really interesting insight into Frisian and also the legislation behind protecting minority languages, thank you.
I have a question, which is how is a 'new speaker of a minority language' defined? I had assumed it would be like anyone learning a language, in that they are starting pretty much from scratch, with no or little knowledge.
José, however,...
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Language status
After lengthy, hard campaigns, the 1967 Welsh Language Act finally committed to giving people in Wales the choice of Welsh or English in the courts. It didn’t give a declaration on the status of Welsh, though.
It was only in the 1993 Welsh Language Act that equality between Welsh and English was enshrined. It also provided for preparing...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
I grew up in Wales, on the Welsh borders, and we had to learn Welsh from primary school onwards. Unfortunately, I don’t remember much of it now but one day I’d like to start learning it again for fun. My mum taught herself and still writes in Welsh :)
Where it is spoken
Welsh is spoken in Wales (UK), where it is also an official language. Patagonian...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
When Prof. Dr. Goffe Jensma mentions growing mobility as a threat to minority languages, I thought back to the previous exercise and how Romani has survived as a minority language in pockets all across Europe. Is there anything to be observed or learnt from this? Obviously identity is a strong driver for these communities. Is there anything else?
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Helen Gräwert replied to Dalene Morrison
Catalan is also a minority language in Italy :) (It's on the map but very tiny!) It's also an official language in other autonomos regions in Spain outside Catalonia, such as Valencia and the Balearic Islands, as well as a pocket in Spain.
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Helen Gräwert replied to Helen Gräwert
Interestingly, Scots and Scottish Gaelic seem to come from different language families. According to the map, Scots is Germanic (like Ulster Scots and English) while Scottish Gaelic is Celtic (like Manx Gaelic and Irish Gaelic).
Meanwhile, Romani is the one minority language in the UK that has a different language family: Indo-Iranian. Outside of the UK,...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
This has been fascinating! I wanted to choose Wales, where I grew up on the Welsh borders. Then I saw that the map doesn’t count Wales as a country (that depends on who you speak to!), so went for the UK.
Minority languages include:
- Scots and Scottish Gaelic in Scotland
- Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland
- Manx Gaelic on the Isle of Man
- Irish... -
@MichaelaO'Connor You might be interested to know that there is an article on autism and the benefits of being bilingual in the current issue of the CIOL's The Linguist magazine (you might need to pay to see it): https://www.ciol.org.uk/the-linguist#ufh-i-651982324-the-linguist-60-2-april-may-2021
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
With respect to bilingualism helping to fend off a natural decline of cognitive function and maintaining cognitive reserve, has language learning been used in older people already showing signs of cognitive decline or disease to help delay or slow down such illnesses? Or is it too late by then, and any language learning is simply another exercise in...
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Helen Gräwert replied to Helen Gräwert
@LoredanaPolezzi Yes, the first link is fine (link text: 'MA in Translation Studies'), it's the second one under 'Find out more' that doesn't work ;) It has URL https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/working-with-translation/6/further-learning from link text 'Register your interest in the MA in Translation Studies'.
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
In my comment at the start of the course, I mentioned that the new fees would put off EU-based students. I've since done some more reading and have found that UK nationals living in the EEA can benefit from home-fee status until 2028.
More info for anyone interested:...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Thank you to the course tutors for an excellent, high-quality course and for all your interaction and sharing your knowledge. If this is a reflection of the MA at Cardiff, then it's surely a brilliant course. If only it were available online (Cardiff is a little far from Spain for attending lectures...)!
I've learnt so much and it's confirmed to me that I...
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I agree on all points! We are already connected on LinkedIn, but if anyone else wants to network in that way, my profile link is in my FutureLearn profile :) Good luck to everyone in any case!
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Helen Gräwert replied to Ian Rush
@AlessandraDeMarco I just tried with my personal Gmail account and it worked (it wouldn't let me view it with my work email account, also Gmail but for business). Odd! Thank you again :)
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Helen Gräwert replied to Ian Rush
@AlessandraDeMarco Thank you! How did you get access to the link provided originally? It won't let me see anything except for the message that says I don't have access to that service.
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Helen Gräwert replied to Alicia Tsui
@AliciaTsui That's a good idea, a sort of 'translator's introduction'? I suppose it's also reasonable to think that readers who search out such books as the one in question are generally more likely to understand and appreciate the reasons for a translation that includes non-standard language?
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@JoãoPauloSalvatori I agree, I would have thought that use of the first person would also reduce the risk of confusion or misunderstandings. Perhaps it depends on the culture of the country where the interpretation is being carried out?
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Helen Gräwert replied to Ian Rush
@LoredanaPolezzi Thank you for the link, however it denies access and says that I must be logged in with a different account. Would you possibly have an alternative, please? Many thanks.
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Helen Gräwert replied to Joëlle Boehm
With respect to the two translations of 'The Magic Mountain', it was interesting to see when the two translations were written.
The first was in 2016, while the second text (which other commenters seem to agree more closely represents the style, if not the structure, of the German original) was a few years after its publication in the mid-1920s.
It's...
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Helen Gräwert replied to Alicia Tsui
I agree with you, as it is a sign of respect to also fairly represent an author's work, especially in the case of previously suppressed communities who now have a voice that rightfully deserves to be heard.
However I wonder if the target audience has a big influence over whether retaining non-standard turns of phrase or language use will help or hinder the...
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You raise a very interesting point about terminology and what is acceptable nowadays (and this varies greatly by sector). As a copywriter I'm used to consulting style guides written by my clients for their specific business or organisation, and this often makes clear how things should be written, or not. I get the feeling this isn't so widespread for...
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@MichaelaO'Connor Thank you very much, I'll share this with a friend whose son is autistic and is trilingual :)
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Another fascinating video (I seem to say this a lot on this course), thank you. I'm beginning to think speaking more than one language gives your brain some kind of super power! :)
One question: at the end of the video, Dr Loerts refers to the need for daily practice for learning a new language effectively. What kind of length of time is required for this?...
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Helen Gräwert replied to Michaela O'Connor
@MichaelaO'Connor Thank you for these links! My mother tongue is also English, I am multilingual (languages acquired as an adult) and I did the first set in 11.44 seconds and the second set in 16.24 seconds.
I tried the German one, too, and I couldn't see a total time. But doing Level 1 I got 100% correct and had an average reaction time of 1075 ms (if I...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
I've done a similar test before (probably some shared thing on Facebook!) and found it pretty straightforward in the format used on this course. I'm not sure it lends itself very well to this type of test.
A few things:
- As a native English speaker, I didn't have to process in my second or third languages, which surely made it easier.
- As the word... -
@PatriciaT And your English is fantastic too. How did you learn it?
Thank you for your kind words. I learnt Spanish from 27 and Catalan from 36, when my second child was a baby. And now I'm making the transition into translation (my background is in copywriting), so I feel really happy to have this opportunity! I've always loved languages but never imagined...
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@JoC It's fantastic, isn't it? And just shows that introducing young people to languages at a young age generates more interest and curiosity in other languages and cultures.
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@EleniNine @AlessandraDeMarco @CarlaCardoso I was thinking that, in contrast to how I feel about them, dubbed films are actually quite useful for my two boys for their language learning. We often watch the same film or cartoon first in English and then German (or vice versa), their two home languages, and possibly in Spanish or Catalan (the two local...
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@LeroyLandryBoulat Thank you very much! :)
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@AdamKosa Thank you for that link! Very similar to the notorious English/Welsh sign with the 'Out of office' text :)
I suspect it's possibly the case in some instances here, too, that who you know and not what you know gets you the job.
In terms of local public sector contracts hiring freelance translators (or even contracting in-house ones), it would be...
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@AlessandraDeMarco I 'liked' your comment because there's not a button for 'I share your frustration' ;)
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Helen Gräwert replied to Helen Gräwert
@QipengGao Thank you for the Glosbe recommendation, I've not heard of that. I'll check it out :)
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@LoredanaPolezzi Thank you for your reply. This entire course has opened up my eyes to the work of interpreters and the challenges they face. It seems that it is in many, if not most, ways a much more difficult occupation than translation with huge demands on individuals carrying out interpretation. From the young, untrained people called upon in the instance...
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Helen Gräwert replied to Helen Gräwert
@MadinaMamaeva I wanted to add a point about 'inauguration' but I ran out of space :) I agree with you, that it seemed a direct translation from the Italian. That said, it's not actually wrong and I've seen it for art shows before... Now I wonder if maybe that's here in Spain and it's become normalised for me? Always a risk! But I think 'Opening night' is...
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Helen Gräwert replied to Helen Gräwert
... current education models that are the norm in English-speaking countries offer very little support for home languages, unlike the amazing exception to the rule seen in Ireland in the past unit).
In terms of English as a global communication language, as seen on the internet, it would be very interesting to know if there are any figures or research...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
I wanted to do a litte bit of online research into whether the global spread of English threatens local languages, cultures and identities before I answered, as I wanted to think about it before jumping in with my uninformed gut feeling :)
I found an excellent article addressing exactly this topic from 2013 in a social sciences journal (free access):...
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My previous comment covers some of these points: https://www.futurelearn.com/comments/58344073
I was surprised that the greatest obstacle at the start appeared to be the teachers' attitudes, that it would be too hard or a lot more work. To some degree, I can understand their worries, as teachers already have a large amount of work to contend with. So it is...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
This was a fascinating video. The main message that comes through is that success is down to a change of mindset (in terms of the education providers) more than anything else. As the teacher says at the end, they are challenges rather than problems.
The teachers also said that they were worried at the start that it would be too hard (for the teachers), and...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
1) Subtractive programmes support monolingualism in favour of the dominant host language. Any home languages are disregarded or used for limited purposes in the early years.
In extreme cases, this type of education is not bilingual at all and is known as 'submersion' (I find this word has quite negative connotations, as if being drowned in a single...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Overall, the ratings basically followed my own opinions. This is hardly surprising given we're a group interested in multilingualism ;) For that same reason, I was therefore a bit surprised to see any signs at all of intolerance towards the use of languages in education.
With regards to the statements themselves, it was easiest to rate those that were truly...
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Helen Gräwert replied to Susanne Mathies
I like the not-so-serious ideas, they're fun :)
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Helen Gräwert replied to Stephanie F
Love 'turtle'!
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Helen Gräwert replied to Isabelle Meschi
Love these suggestions!
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
I'm avoiding looking at the ideas below before suggesting my own, or I'll never think of anything else! It's already tricky to think away from 'mouse' :)
'Rollkugel': There are a few options. It looks like the head of a lot of sci-fi robots, so perhaps a Dalek (right decade but with copyright issues!). Otherwise I'd probably go for something pretty literal...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Machine translation is useful for getting some first ideas for a term or organisation name, for example, as Juliet says in the video. Or at least providing a starting point for looking for related terms.
Almost like a giant dictionary or encyclopedia of everything, as long as you don't want to translate between two lesser-published languages (into or out of...
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Helen Gräwert replied to Karin Marty
Yes, if I had to do a quick text for the hotel where I worked, I'd often use Google Translate from English into X language. I think it's due to the fact there is a lot more literature from English into other languages (and vice versa), meaning there's more source material for the translation algorithm to refine suggestions.
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Helen Gräwert replied to Helen Gräwert
@AlessandraGregori Thank you! Interesting that that is the actual name - it would seem they made an error from the get-go ;)
Now you say it, I can see what you mean about it being a larger project with specific shows for each region. I hadn't read it like that to begin with...
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@RaphaëlleRomana Following the media reports, I'm a bit surprised it's not easier to find information about the company's policies. You'd think they'd have made a push to deal with the negative publicity, unless I'm missing something obvious!
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@PatriciaT Thank you! :)
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
1. In families where languages are valued and learning them is supported, children are more likely to be fully bilingual, have higher rates of literacy and attend university-level education.
2. Consider raising your child to be a high-use bilingual and to read and write in several languages as it will improve their chances of staying in education and/or...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
I now work from home as a freelancer, writing in English but communicating in Spanish and Catalan with clients. My home environment is multilingual, with German and English at home, plus reading materials in those languages as well as Spanish and Catalan.
I previously worked as a content manager at a hotel in Mallorca, where our primary language was...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
I decided to look at Red Bull, which has 12,000 employees in more than 170 countries.
I've searched a lot but I can't find anything from Red Bull about its diversity policy. On its jobs page, for jobs at the HQ, it says: "...our people remain the essential ingredient ... In Austria more than 2,000 individuals, representing over 60 different nationalities,...
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@RaphaëlleRomana Ha, yes, I always read corporate information with a healthy dose of scepticism too! I've worked in corporate communications and I've seen there's certainly a knowledge of what needs to be said and how, with a relevant paragraph in the annual report ;)
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
1) For a parent: If you are the only person speaking your language with your children, whether at home, at school or in social settings, does additional support exist where you live, such as classes for children with that language as a first language?
2) For children or young people: How does speaking multiple languages make you feel when comparing yourself...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Ths point that Dr. Eva Juarros Daussà makes about grammatical shortcuts can be seen with our children (aged 4 and 6). They will sometimes carry over Spanish structures into English (such as "the car red", rather than "the red car") although I have never noticed them do the reverse.
If they do something like this, I don't correct them as such, but I repeat...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Thank you for another fantastic week. I'm sad that next week's unit is the last one; I don't want it to end yet! Really looking forward to what we'll learn in the coming session.
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...translations in their own native language, further demonstrating the diversity of a given area where the exhibition appears, and further educate visitors on multilingualism.
This could be a board to write on, somewhere where people can pin their own handwritten translations, or even a screen where people can type in their ideas on their phone and these...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
This is a challenge! The exhibition by its very nature is about multilingualism and diversity, and celebrating the artists' different voices and their native languages. So to focus on anything else would detract from the objective.
The fact that all pieces are in each artist's native language, plus the local language and English already places prominence on...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Manu Chao was my first choice but @AuroraMattei has covered him already :)
So I'll go for Txarango, a really well-known band from Barcelona. They have performed with Manu Chao, and their happy, 'world music' style is very similar.
Txarango sing mostly in Catalan but they also perform in Spanish and French. As far as I know, they don't mix the languages...
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@PatriciaT Thank you! Do you recommend any other Catalan bands (they don't need to be multilingual)? One that I like, for example, is Roba Estesa :)
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This is amazing, Leroy! Do you happen to have any links to any of your music so that we could hear some examples? I'd be really interested to listen to your languages :)
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Like many others, I think the original is the Italian version. This is a very tricky challenge for anyone who doesn't speak either Italian or English to a near-native level due to the subtleties in the text.
I don't speak Italian so this is based purely on the presentation of the English version, which seems a bit 'off' to me as a native speaker (meaning...
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Helen Gräwert replied to Javier Mejía
@JavierMejía I find the image you chose very interesting, although I see some other elements in the image :) Have added my comment above. Thank you for sharing this photo!
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
I have chosen the image by @JavierMejía of the military interpreter: https://padlet.com/ceilt/u7e6a6qpplv0/wish/1376968950
This is interesting because the interpreter is acting between many different individuals on one side (the locals, possibly speaking different regional dialects, if they are tribal leaders) and then the single individual (the soldier) on...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
This unit has totally opened up my eyes to a whole film industry I haven't really watched many films from (just a couple from South Africa... I think; although I'm not sure if they're about South Africa written by outsiders now I think of it) - thank you for the brilliant links. 'I am not a witch' looks really interesting and thought provoking, can't wait to...
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@AlessandraDeMarco @CarlaCardoso Like both of you, I definitely prefer subtitled films. Dubbing is big business here in Spain, too, and I have chosen not to watch things because I just can't stand the dubbing! It's hard to find cinemas here who offer films in V.O., but luckily there's a great little one, CineCiutat, in Palma that offers really interesting,...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
Another really interesting interview and glimpse into a different world. A couple of things stood out for me, such as the use of peers to interpret for a young person communicating with therapists or social services.
Beyond the points raised in the video and by other commenters below, I wonder what impact potentially disturbing details could have on the...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
I found 'Multilingual families should speak their heritage languages at home and in public spaces at all times' most difficult to answer (and the one I thought most about).
In a very 'purist' way, I would agree... But sometimes, as a matter of courtesy and to avoid exclusion of other people, we do speak other languages when in groups of friends who don't...
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@RaphaëlleRomana I agree that everyone should be free to educate as they see fit :)
But... having met a few people whose parent(s) did NOT speak their heritage language with them (meaning they are unable to speak it, interact with family members such as grandparents, etc), every single one of them wishes that their parent(s) HAD taught them.
This is...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
This was such a great video as I could relate to a lot of what they said in terms of our own efforts to bring up our children in a multilingual family, and it also supported some ideas we've been planning to put into action but haven't quite done it yet... So this is the push that's needed! I especially like the 'language days' policy.
With regards to the...
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Yes, we have a few words that stay the same too (maybe this will change as they get older and the words are not used so frequently...), like 'caca' ('poo' in Spanish!) and 'culete' ('bottom'). You can probably guess their age from this, haha!
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@MichaelaO'Connor Yes, we currently share this situation at home :)
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
In Spain, state nursery daycare is available from a very young age (4 or 5 months for families where the parents must return to work, due to extremely short maternity leave - 16 weeks) here in Spain.
We were able to have the luxury of having our children at home until they were a year or 18 months old before they started nursery ('escoleta'), where the main...
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
1) How do multilingual families maintain their home languages? I'm British and speak only English to our children, while my German husband speaks only German.
Our home language tends to be English, although we make some effort (we should try harder, really) to speak in German at teatime so that the boys hear some German conversation.
At school, the...
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I have been wondering about this situation, where healthcare service resources simply can't cover all interpretation needs, and the patient and doctor are unable to find a shared language in order to communicate as needed.
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@AliciaTsui Yes, exactly :) I remain uncertain of how readily available they are in a healthcare setting (especially following the healthcare video we saw several units ago), so I was wondering what could happen... Some UK communities are very linguistically diverse and perhaps the resources simply don't exist to avoid these potential situations?
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Helen Gräwert made a comment
It makes perfect sense to try to speak with the patient in their own language for the reasons mentioned in the article. I wonder, though, at which point the 'best' language for communication can be identified?
For example, in a situation where the doctor speaks the patient's language to an intermediate level, and the patient speaks the doctor's language to...
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@OihanaGuillanValdés Your point about simpler language ties in with the comment in the article about consulting target users when compiling the dictionary regarding their everyday language for talking about health.
Within a single language, this is something the UK government has been working on within its online services, including healthcare. It invests a...
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@EmmaH I wonder if it might be an issue of usability, too, thinking in terms of reading habits being like habits used to navigate websites? The layout (main menu, footer, etc) is nearly always the same or limited to a few options because people have become used to this way of using them, and it has been shown that anything unexpected causes problems in terms...
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@AlessandraGregori These are the same thoughts I had too.
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Yes, this was my feeling too. There were some odd turns of phrase and the phrase about the 'burning plane' made more sense in the Italian version.
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In the first image, I assumed the Chinese tex was the source text (ST) because of its position and not being able to analyse the text in either language to check that it was idiomatic or correct.
In the second image, and before reading, I would indeed think the STis that on the left (i.e. English). However, after reading it, I'm not so sure, as the English...
