Skip main navigation

New offer! Get 30% off one whole year of Unlimited learning. Subscribe for just £249.99 £174.99. New subscribers only. T&Cs apply

Find out more

Price-quantity relations: the mathematics

Through this article, Frank Krysiak explains the mathematical formulation of the first equilibrium model used in this course week.

Let us now have a brief look at the details of the model. The building blocks for describing firm behaviour and demand have remained unchanged. We still employ the equations and parameter values described previously.

Mathematical equatations

What has changed is that we have now taken this model to the next stage: instead of ‘only’ describing firm behaviour, it is now an equilibrium model that describes firm behaviour, consumer behaviour, and the linkage of these two implied by market clearing. The model not only calculates how much electricity each firm produces and how much electricity consumers demand for given prices and policies but it matches aggregate supply and demand by adjusting the market price for electricity.

How does this work? You have to add a balance between supply and demand, like in the very first model exercise.

First, let’s define the production of each firm, (i), (ie, the (q_i)) for a given price and sum them to obtain the aggregate production of all the firms at that price, (Q^{supply}):

[Q^{supply} = sum_{begin{gather}i=firm_{PV},firm_{Wind},firm_{Coal} firm_{Gas}, firm_{Nuclear}end{gather}}q_i]

Second, demand is still given by

[d= overline{Q}-eta cdot p]

Now, you can add a balancing equation that models the fact that an electricity market must clear (electricity demand has to equal supply):

(1) (d=Q^{supply}).

This additional equation determines the electricity price, which, so far, has been an exogenous variable. Now, it becomes endogenous.

Note that equation (1) cannot be easily solved analytically, as the equations for the different firms are too complex. Thus we use a numerical algorithm to solve this equation.

This is the first equilibrium model that we have used in this course. These models are important as they describe how a society consisting of different actors (firms, in our case) work if the connections between actors are taken into account. From now on, we will always use this type of model, as connected actors are what we usually encounter in modeling future energy systems.

© University of Basel
This article is from the free online

Exploring Possible Futures: Modeling in Environmental and Energy Economics

Created by
FutureLearn - Learning For Life

Reach your personal and professional goals

Unlock access to hundreds of expert online courses and degrees from top universities and educators to gain accredited qualifications and professional CV-building certificates.

Join over 18 million learners to launch, switch or build upon your career, all at your own pace, across a wide range of topic areas.

Start Learning now