What is gender?
So, how can we think critically about the concept of gender?
From the 1960s feminists, drawing on psychological theories of gender identification, separated the categories of sex and gender:
- Sex is a biological trait based on genitalia and chromosomal difference (male and female).
- Gender is the social organisation, construction or management of these biological differences (men and women; masculinity and femininity).
All societies attach meanings to male and female, these meanings create masculine and feminine expectations, roles and dispositions.
Gender norms
Gender is often understood through a society’s gender norms – the culturally acceptable ways to become masculine or feminine. That is, we strive to approach the gender norms that society transmits.
Philosopher and gender theorist Judith Butler suggests that although we constantly fail to approximate these norms, gender’s social and cultural power rests on that very failure.
We are judged based on those norms and as we continue to try better the norms are reinforced.
While these norms are very powerful, there is actually no fixed relation between:
- biological characteristics
- how society organises meanings attached to gender identity
- how individuals engage with those meanings and identities.
This is why some people talk about their experience of gender as being ‘fluid’.
Your task
Can you remember when you first realised that boys and girls are ‘different’? How did you feel about this? Do you remember talking about this?
Share your memories in the comments.
Keep in mind that people in different countries and from different cultures have very different experiences of sex and gender, so please take care in your responses to fellow learners and remember this is a public forum.
