Using applications own timers

By inserting timing routines to a program, the time spent in specific parts of the program can be measured.

In order to get a bigger picture of the performance of a program, it can be useful to measure the time spent in a specific region of the program. The region can be a function, or just a part of a function, and the region can contain calls to other functions. In a typical usage pattern one obtains a value from some “clock” (normally in units of seconds) at the beginning and end of the region and by subtracting the two values one obtains the time spent in the region.

Python standard library has a time module which provides various time-related functions. In particular the time.process_time function can be
used for measuring a specific region:

from math import exp, sin
import time

def calculate(a):
 result = 0
 for val in a:
 result += exp(val) * sin(val)
 return result

x = [0.1 * i for i in range(1000)]
t0 = time.process_time()
for r in range(1000):
 calculate(x)
t1 = time.process_time()
print("Time spent", t1 - t0)

$ python timing.py
Time spent 0.231697958

Many Python based simulation programs provide at the end of a run a timing
report, which is often generated with application’s own timers. As an example
a snippet from the output of quantum mechanical simulation software GPAW:

...
 Hamiltonian: 3.195 0.012 0.2% |
 Atomic: 0.477 0.084 1.7% ||
 XC Correction: 0.393 0.393 7.8% |--|
 Communicate energies: 0.001 0.001 0.0% |
 Hartree integrate/restrict: 0.064 0.064 1.3% ||
 Poisson: 1.670 1.670 33.3% |------------|
 XC 3D grid: 0.958 0.958 19.1% |-------|
...

Bonus: timing with a context manager

Python context managers provide a nice feature for executing functions when
entering and exiting a region. The example below shows how one can utilize
a context manager and the with statement for timing a part of a code. If you
are not familiar with context managers you can find more information
here.

from math import exp, sin
import time

class Timer:
 def __enter__(self):
 self.start = time.process_time()
 return self

 def __exit__(self, *args):
 self.end = time.process_time()
 self.interval = self.end - self.start

def calculate(a):
 result = 0
 for val in a:
 result += exp(val) * sin(val)
 return result

x = [0.1 * i for i in range(1000)]
with Timer() as t:
 for r in range(1000):
 calculate(x)
print("Time spent", t.interval)