claire nickell
Always trying to understand the world better than i do now!
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claire nickell made a comment
I hadn't thought much about tipping points in the context of social change, but that makes a lot of sense as I get more involved in climate activism. This is also helpful to think of when we do actions to think of them as perturbations, and we need to keep at it until we are able to move into the new (hopefully desired) stable state.
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claire nickell made a comment
I think actions that begin with individuals can result in positive tipping points, but I doubt it happens without coordinated and sustained efforts of a group of people.
Getting involved locally can be done in so many useful ways- contribute money to an organization, join them for scheduled actions (like protests, etc) or get involved with organizing for a...
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i like the idea of reducing uncertainty to bring more folks into action. While I an less certain about valuing nature (putting a price on things) to get us to change our behavior, like having that data for discussions I have with people, more as a way to talk to them from their perspective.
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I wouldn't say climate change caused the Syrian crisis, but it created enough instability and unrest that the crisis was more likely. From what I learned in Climate Change: The Solutions, I think if the Syrian government had been prepared for the climate related events, they could have mitigated much of the issue though better planning, food distribution,...
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claire nickell made a comment
I think that we shouldn't use tipping points as "scare-tactics", but we shouldn't shy away from discussing them either. I find that discussions around any climate change or crisis topics which are also followed by points of how to take action are more effective than just dooming and glooming. This crisis IS scary and SAD and we shouldn't avoid that, its part...
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claire nickell made a comment
Living in the US Southwest, I believe I will most directly be impacted by potential changes to the ENSO system, but I am not exactly sure how this will affect the region. From a wider perspective, any tipping pint that occurs is sure to have destabilizing effects around the world (supply chain, stable governments, food production and availability) so I don't...
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claire nickell made a comment
I wasn't aware of the Africa changes (did that say *greening* of the Sahara? interesting...) or to the ENSO shift (el nino/la nina) though this particularly impacts me as I live in US Southwest. I was aware of the issues at the poles and the boreal forest (this one makes me sad for reasons I can't quite articulate) but the slowing of the AMOC in the N Atlantic...
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claire nickell made a comment
Are we past the point of no return? I am scared that we are, but can't factor that into my calculations for how I am behaving (ongoing climate activism, being outspoken about the need for govt and social action to deal with the climate crisis). Tipping points scare me tremendously, because it feels so final. Sure, the Earth may come back to some stable state...
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claire nickell made a comment
Ugh Tipping Points are the things I fear the most about the climate crisis. I am hoping with some better understanding through this course, I can think about them more rationally. As I understand it, a tipping point occurs when some run away effect goes past the point of return, we won't be able to stop it from continuing. For example, global temperature is a...
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Hi Ken! I am with XR in Phoenix in the US!
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claire nickell made a comment
My instant yes (because of the value add in jobs, ecology, and biodiversity, and how this could be a symbolic act toward saving the planet from climate change and the encroaching tipping points) became tempered as I thought about the economic justice piece that is often connected to tackling climate change. Do we more overall (or immediate) benefit from...
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claire nickell made a comment
We need to do something to apply short term relief, but long term strategies for mitigation and resequestration also need to be persued with vigor. Also, temperature is not the only thing impacting the reefs. Land based pollutants, specifically nitrogen from agriculture also need to be addressed. (https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral-pollution.html)
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claire nickell made a comment
I live in Phoenix AZ, in the desert. Climate change here means hotter temperatures, as well as increased droughts as the Colorado River dries up due to glacier die off way up in the Rockies. I don't think a city this size is ready sustainable in the American southwest due to the arid nature of the region. Climate change will only magnify this. Currently...
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claire nickell made a comment
I benefit from the Amazon River and rainforest ecosystem. I breathe air that is generated from the forest, water vapor from the rainforest travels north to the US and falls as rain on some of our biggest agricultural areas (midwest), and I a sure at some point in my life I have eaten beef, or soy or palm oil grown there and have used wood products that came...
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claire nickell made a comment
I live in Phoenix Arizona, in the Sonoran Desert. There is a beauty to the desert, I see it sometimes. My heart for the natural world really finds itself in Boulder, Colorado, where I grew up. I camped, hiked, and explored when I was growing up but didn't learn to appreciate it until after I left. The Colorado Front Range (along the foothills of the Rockies)...
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claire nickell made a comment
Personally:
1) committing to no meat diet
2) emphasize local trips over travel to other countries (this one is a hard one to take!)
3) buying used clothing and household items
4) we seriously need to do a home energy audit, and I am also interested in calculating my families carbon footprint to see what else there isGenerally, I have become active with...
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claire nickell made a comment
That last sentence is key: sustainability must focus on what is locally relevant.
EX #1- Iceland's energy uses 85% renewable resources, primarily geothermal and hyrdopower. This is incredible, and totally not reproducible almost anywhere else on the planet.
EX #2- In the US I can think of two cities with very different energy potentials. In Phoenix,...
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claire nickell made a comment
I chose to highlight an intersection in my neighborhood which showed lots of trees and solar panels across various houses.
I also wanted to introduce you to Arcosanti, an arcology (blend of architecture and ecology) started by Paolo Solieri, just north of Phoenix.
A bittersweet (to me) example that we in fact know what we...
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claire nickell made a comment
I love this idea! I live in Phoenix, AZ, in the middle of the desert so I wonder how viable this design is in a place where cooling, not heating, is the primary requirement. Opening windows during the Phoenix summer does nothing when temps are still 80 or 90 F (25-30 C) at night. In this same vein, this solution seems mostly applicable to northern latitudes in...
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claire nickell replied to claire nickell
That's great to hear the conversation is happening! And yes, if you catch it, you are responsible for it! Hope some agreement is reached!
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claire nickell made a comment
I live in the Phoenix AZ, the 5th or 6th largest city in the US (depending on if you talk to my husband or myself). We are in the desert, several hundred miles from the oceans. So, how can we impact the health of the oceans?
1) We need to reduce our trash. We have a plastic recycling program which was shipped internationally to be processed. There is...
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claire nickell made a comment
I wonder how over-consumption and food waste intersect with over-fishing. Do we over fish, straining the ocean ecology, just to throw some away in landfills, along with the packaging? Is there additional CO2 (and other production byproducts) that could be reduced along with a reduction in wasted catch?
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claire nickell made a comment
There are some countries emphasizing ecotourism. In terms of the reefs, changing tours from those of going to see and experience to ones that emphasize education (about global warming, acidification, bleaching, etc) and include actions like beach clean-ups could be a unique draw.
If we are able to undertake massive de-acidification efforts such as adding...
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claire nickell made a comment
Heart breaking.
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@AndyFrayne Thank you so much for this response, this makes so much more sense to me now!
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claire nickell made a comment
I love the ecobricks listed below!
I have begun making purchasing decisions based on packaging- bigger vs smaller containers, getting milk and honey in the glass not plastic containers, big loose tomatoes vs small grape tomatoes in a plastic box. There is privilege in some of these decisions as the preferred Items are more expensive. We can make all the...
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claire nickell made a comment
Adding limestone was the only option presented here without any demonstrated risks, so that is my preferred method. The cost is great (as it would be for any of these options), but I think we are past the time of looking for cheap solutions. Also, this idea give me GREAT HOPE! Costly, but it sounds fairly straightforward.
The inspiring G. Thurberg is...
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claire nickell made a comment
I heart mangroves!
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claire nickell made a comment
Acidification, warming, pollutants
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claire nickell made a comment
Here in Phoenix AZ we have a master tree plan to help reduce temperatures in the city: https://www.phoenix.gov/parks/parks/urban-forest/tree-and-shade. (Note that the plan specifically states that rising city temps are "in part a result of Urban Heat Island effect". While this is true, it neatly side steps climate change ad global warming. We are a blue...
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claire nickell made a comment
Really interesting read on BECCS and how well it can create a net reduction of CO2- https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-beccs-might-not-produce-negative-emissions-after-all
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claire nickell replied to Anita Mynett
@AnitaMynett I LOVE this carbon footprint labeling solution! Also the idea of bringing our own food containers!
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I agree, messaging needs to get out there as far as why a vegetarian diet is recommended (not just for hippies any more!) and especially how that impacts climate. The media have really been part of the problem by not covering the climate crisis as it has escalated over the last 6 decades. We need their commitment to playing their part of the solution.
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claire nickell made a comment
I live in Phoenix Arizona, the desert. There is surprising amount of local agriculture. Buying from local farmers markets supports small scale farmers which are more likely to be more efficient operations (agriculturally). This also cuts carbon emissions due to reduced transportation. Or getting connected to a community garden where neighbors can all...
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claire nickell made a comment
I have read that going completely meat free, or even vegan, also isn't necessarily the best option. Massive monoculture operations to grow soy for vegan protein replacement can be nearly as detrimental to soil as massive grazing and cattle operations. It really seems like supporting local farming initiatives that can be smaller and more sustainable is a better...
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Agreed!
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claire nickell made a comment
Anita's comments below are a big reason why I haven't started a garden at my house- it is time intensive and you may end up with low yield. Our neighborhood has a community garden. Perhaps this is a better option for folks who work full time. Pooling our resources for a common garden, maybe everyone can pitch in to pay someone to oversee it and keep it on...
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claire nickell made a comment
So incredibly glad I found this and the previous course ("The Science"). I feel much more comfortable speaking out about the climate crisis and understand all the related articles and news reports.
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claire nickell made a comment
I am a bit cynical about worrying too much about the cost of deploying low-carbon technologies for power- we have been ignoring the actual cost of carbon output for a very long time, and those costs are catching up with us. We need to understand that we made a very expensive mess, and it will be expensive to fix.
It is important to remember that the...
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claire nickell made a comment
Also check out tidal power- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power. Still has lots of potential for environmental impacts, but I love this idea of harnessing the tides for energy!
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claire nickell made a comment
I don't see the need for fracking. It has too many associated risks (pollution, methane release) and this seems like a good candidate for lots of unknown risks if put into large scale operation (we don't know enough about the Earth to know that this procedure is safe).
Renewables such as wind, hydro, and solar will meet our needs fine, we don't need to...
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claire nickell made a comment
I was just reading this article about a proposed nuclear plant in Brazil- https://www.eco-business.com/news/brazilians-reject-bolsonaros-nuclear-plan/. Not only do the residents take on all the risk associated with having it in their neighborhood, but the heated water that is output back into the river, while not strictly a pollutant, will still act as a...
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claire nickell made a comment
Welcome to Phoenix Arizona, called "the Valley of the Sun" because we get almost 300 days of sunshine a year!
With that kind of sunlight, and the huge tracts of available desert landscape, you would think the state power source would be predominantly solar. Well, we are currently producing it at rates cheaper than natural gas.
As of 2017, a whopping 6%...
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claire nickell made a comment
There is something I don't quite understand. The module states:
"This is because you'd have to be able to remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than we're basically emitting from the whole of our technology industry. Hence, carbon dioxide removal can only be used to reduce the amount of global warming. It cannot be used to reverse it."
If we...
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claire nickell made a comment
We are already seeing devastating effects of global warming as a function of excessive amounts of Greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere- melting of Arctic ice cap and glaciers around the world, species extinction and migration, increased heat waves and extreme weather events. The number of refugees created by ongoing events like these, along with food insecurity...
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Resistance to change can also be traced to evolutionary development. Once we find a good way of doing something, we keep doing it. This frees up our brain to work on other things, it is a normal biological function. Here is an article that goes into a little bit more:...
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claire nickell made a comment
I live in Phoenix AZ, an already very hot place to live. There are projections that it will be too hot to live here by 2050 (I assume that means in the summer not year round). Phoenix is also the 5th largest city in the US, based on population. That is a huge number of people who will be displace and realistically moving north as climate refugees. That makes...
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claire nickell made a comment
There are known knowns, known unknowns, but for climate modeling there must still be unknown unknowns that we are unable to include in the models.
My first thought was that since things are changing over time scales and in ways that have never happened, we will likely run into snags and surprises in how the climate changes.
I also thought of recent news...
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I don't think this is a model for predicting specific weather patterns, but more about how the overall climate will react as the inputs (which have been stable for millions of years) change. That is one of the big problems with global climate change: we will, in fact, be less capable of predicting specific weather patterns because the system has been altered...
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claire nickell made a comment
1) Warming surface and ocean temperatures are melting glaciers and ice sheets at rates typically faster than new mass is accumulated
2) Coastal areas and the poles are the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change
3) Climate change is warming waters, causing them to expand and increase sea levels along with melting ice. Warming waters are also... -
claire nickell made a comment
Sea level rise won't affect me directly as I live in landlocked Arizona. I have friends and family at many locations around the world that would certainly be impacted by sea level rises. Beyond my own personal sphere, the loss and devastation will be tremendous!
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claire nickell made a comment
Marine organisms impacted by global warming
- Coral bleach (eject algae) with only minimal increase in temperature, making them vulnerable
- Krill, a crucial organism at the bottom of the oceanic food chain, also vulnerable to slight temperature increases, could cause a ripple effect up the chain, through penguins and seals, upEconomic effects from OCEAN...
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claire nickell made a comment
It is possible some species could adapt fast enough to changing acidity levels in the oceans. Other species will not likely adapt fast enough. There is also the question of what happens up and down the food chain. Which species will be able to adapt to available food sources? Which species will thrive as a result of diminished competition?
I think sea level...
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claire nickell made a comment
I always have some level of fear and uncertainty when thinking about climate change, but I am optimistic that humans are really good at fixing an issue. We just have to agree there is an issue and that something must be done about it, that seems more challenging than the issue of climate change itself.
NetGeo reported the Jakobshavn Glacier is growing but...
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claire nickell made a comment
Warmer temperatures could increase melt thereby accelerating ablation and calving. If warmer temperatures also cause climates to shift around the world, then snowfall may decrease so there is less accumulation overall.
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With wetter weather and increased typhoon activity in the South and around the Mekong Delta I suppose this could cause issues for rice production. Perhaps they could try shifting rice paddies further north, try to find a new sweet spot that has the right temps and rain falls. But I don’t feel like I know enough about this to speculate too far.
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claire nickell made a comment
Living in the Sonoran Desert (Arizona), some of the most notable extreme weather events are extreme heat (multiple days of 90+ degrees Fahrenheit, that is the low, not the high!), habobs (massive sand storms) and drought (10+ years of drought and higher than average temperatures have caused record wildfires).
I have lived here for 20 years but honestly it...
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claire nickell made a comment
CO2 changes over millennial time scales are due to fluctuations in feedback loops, changes in the Earth in relation to the sun. These changes over recent times scales can clearly be traced to anthropogenic activities- burning of fossil fuels, increased methane due to scaled up farming practices. These cause the temperature to ruse, causing secondary effects...
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claire nickell made a comment
Studying the history of climate, even from a very long time ago, can give us the most accurate picture of how the climate changes and what the impact is to living organisms. Looking at it form geological timescales helps us to see the perils we are creating from our own behavior in regards to creation of greenhouse gasses.
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claire nickell made a comment
PETM and today's climate crisis are similar in that we see an increase of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. The difference is that today it is caused by humans, and is happening much faster. The lessons are clear.
1) we know what causes the increase in temperature
2) we know what we need to do to avert further warming.
3) Even if we make drastic... -
claire nickell made a comment
In the media or other information outlets, weather is often confused for climate when discussing climate change. People say "We had lots of snow storms this winter, how can you say the globe is also warming?" This fails to recognize that one storm or one winter (weather, as we experience it on a shorter time scale) does not tell a complete story when taken...
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claire nickell made a comment
1) The factor of the albedo of various surfaces was something I had forgotten about, and also the various reflection and abortion that occurs.
2) Blanket effect sounds better, more accurate, but I think people are already used to Greenhouse Effect, and changing the term we use would, at this point, could increase confusion.
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claire nickell made a comment
extinction fear fixable
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claire nickell made a comment
Hello! Hoping to better educate myself on climate change so I can be part of the solution to our impending ecological crash.
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claire nickell made a comment
I spoke with someone outside my organizational structure in a parallel department and this exercise was incredibly informative. I suppose I picked the right person to interview because he was able to provide really sound decision making rationale and explained his thought processes well. He confirmed much of what was in the course, and other sources I have...
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claire nickell made a comment
I disagree, associates and customers are equally important.
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That is a good point, they should be better equipped to handle difficult situations.
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claire nickell made a comment
Deciding to continue to run (create agenda, run, send out notes) a series of meetings, while time consuming to do, has kept me in the forefront of this particular area of my responsibility. The teams i run the meetings for see me as relevant and a primary contact for this area. So while it is considerable work load every week, i am to remain central to the...
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claire nickell made a comment
This was *really* time consuming, but I love the structured approach! Due to the time it takes, I would reserve this methodology for major decisions that are not under any time constraints. As it is, I plan on practicing this by using it to finalize care options for my preschooler for the next school year- I have been struggling to come to a decision (there...
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claire nickell made a comment
We have some information in some areas, but it may not all be accurate, and are missing lots of potential information sources because we don't yet see the need. We have a wealth of financial information that is probably very accurate but specific for needs of specific groups.
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claire nickell made a comment
Even managers are people, so subject to the same variations in mood and behavior due to lack of sleep, stressful day, health issues, etc. No one is ever at 100% functioning, so mistakes can be made. Another possibility is that we all can only make decisions based on the information we have, which may be flawed, incorrect, or out of date. More important than...
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claire nickell made a comment
PDP seems to be useful for some situations. It is always good to be clear about what your goals and intentions are, these can help drive you and also help you navigate new and challenging situations if you have something clear defined. It seems to fall into the same category as personal branding or personal mission statement, although more task driven since...
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claire nickell made a comment
At one point I wanted to be a veterinarian though this was just something vague about animals, nothing directed like a career path choice. This doesn't tie in at all with my current role as Change Analyst for a mid-tier cable company. I studied International Development in university which doesn't tie into either of these either, but was pivotal in forming my...
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claire nickell made a comment
In my limited experience (more leadership than management, but there is enough overlap to be useful) I am good at democratic discussion and coaching. My area for improvement is in making decisions autonomously (not all decision needs to be made by committee) and knowing when (and how) to bring a conversation to a closing point.
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claire nickell made a comment
7.Attention is sustained by variation, which creates the illusion of brevity.
- Delegation of a unique/new task to someone will help grow their skillset and can create some engagement for them as they get to try something out of the ordinary3.Negative statements impede communication as they need unscrambling before the meaning can be interpreted.
- if... -
claire nickell made a comment
Not a great way to start off and gain employee support or motivation! Bing new to a role (and company) the best thing to do first is sit down with everyone, understand what they are doing, what their needs and challenges are, then work with them to identify improvements or issues then enable to them to make the changes themselves. Gaining understanding in the...
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claire nickell made a comment
Ugh! The US Satellite provider ad campaign where the purchase of Cable service is followed by a string of increasingly unfortunate decisions ending in some horrible yet unlikely conclusion that could have been avoided by purchasing satellite services. I believe this is the Slippery Slope Fallacy.
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claire nickell made a comment
All these styles speak both to managing down (to direct reports, by helping them succeed and achieve their goals) and managing up (achieving goals that benefit the company, doing what is needed by the organization)
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claire nickell made a comment
The best leaders I have seen are those tat expect progress and excellence from their direct reports, they are available to remove roadblocks to allow their people to move forward, and assist with mentoring and guidance, but mostly allow people to do the work they need to do, to make mistakes, and move on.
Showing favoritism, not understanding gender...
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claire nickell made a comment
Hello all! Starting a bit late on the course, but i have been reading Carl Sagan's "The Demon Haunted World" and critical thinking is highlighted time and again as the antidote to pseudoscience and credulity in the modern age (or any age for that fact). So when i found this course it seemed the perfect way to add some tools to my "baloney detection kit"!
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claire nickell made a comment
The Hobby Lobby case is an example of conflict between religious and secular political views, specifically around Freedom of Religion or Belief. The conflict stems from the requirement of the employer to cover insurance cost which could be used for procedures or medications that the owners find objectionable for religious reasons. On the secular side, the...
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claire nickell made a comment
My sister (Christian)
She felt that religion has become less focussed on the beliefs (substantive) and more focussed on determining which "side" you are on and what superiority you have over others (functional).Mother (Buddhist)
"When one country invades and/or occupies another country, it seems to be about a belief, either religious or philosophical:... -
claire nickell made a comment
oh my gosh i also have to say something about the homeless. As some of the most marginalized and powerless in America society, they are demonized as lazy, criminals, diseased. These are the folks that need help the most yet they are debased to the point of animals for sport, bum fights, where hungry and needy people are pitted against each other for the...
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claire nickell made a comment
I can only think to the racial tensions in the US, which have been ongoing and have recently been escalating in some cities. Over and over the mainstream media, and social media as well, can quickly jump to conclusions about an image or statement about a person of color (African Americans most notably, recently) and make assumptions about their behavior often...
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claire nickell made a comment
I grew up in a Tibetan Buddhist community in Colorado (you could call it a somewhat westernized version of the Tibetan religion). During the December holidays, we would celebrate Children's Day on the solstice, and there were traditions unrelated to Judeo-Christian festivities that were created to give us kids something besides Christmas to celebrate. We would...
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claire nickell made a comment
Down the street from my house (in the US Southwest) is an Ashram which supports a large Sikh community. They have posted a large sign on their fence stating "Sikhs believe in peace" and i believe has gone up in response to some misunderstanding from others in the community who think they may be terrorists (lots of leaps of flawed logic and misunderstanding to...
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"You are part of a history-making group of people that are changing planet Earth as we fulfill the 2020 vision." Sounds exactly like globalization, changing the planet but is it for the better? Most things (religion, trade, consumption) don't scale up big without losing something, what is essential to the original spirit. I don't mean to be inflamatory by...
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claire nickell made a comment
The Protestant group Alcoholics Anonymous is an example of the religious tradition working to better the community by helping those struggling with alcohol addiction. With going through the steps people are better able to deal with and overcome their addiction. Though this group is not without its detractors who point specifically to the faith based necessity...
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Its frustrating that all the energy people put into these demonstrations and rallies and trying to voice out opinions, only for it all to be blatantly ignored or marginalized by those in power.
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claire nickell made a comment
I wasn't able to find maps of my region, mainland North America (Canada, US, Mexico) but there were not significant border changes between 1980 and 1995 (that I can think of).
There was no change in the type of government in the US but with the end of the Cold War it became the sole Major Power. Now instead of Cold War and looming nuclear war the world...
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claire nickell made a comment
1) Nazism was a form of nationalism, and had the absolute belief that the aryan race was superior to others, so they were willing to die for this cause as well as kill millions of innocent people for their cause.
2) Pre-UK Scottish and English wars pitted these distinct groups against each other in which people were willing to die to defend
3) The war on... -
claire nickell made a comment
Absolutist- The debate over abortion in the US is seen by many as a 'cosmic war', that we will suffer the wrath of God if it is allowed to continue.
Divisive- The situation between Israel and Palestine is definitely a conflict between "clearly demarcated different religious identities.
Irrational- suicide bombers or kamikaze pilots in WWII gave up...
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claire nickell made a comment
The older gentleman at the beginning spoke of religion in functional terms- as a construct, a system of interlinking ideas that people look to for answers.
When asked about religion and conflict, he spoke in terms of peoples beliefs about religion ("conclusions about what life is made up of") and how by wanting to convince others of the same belief these...
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claire nickell made a comment
I thought of environmental protection and the conflict between one side wanting to preserve the natural world (conservation, protection) and another that wants to further business and commerce (growth, consumption).
Both groups use a variety of legitimate means to try to change current practices through lobbying, campaigning, education and...
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claire nickell replied to claire nickell
Yes Maureen, the world is definitely still a scary place! This is a great point you make as well about the function of religion bringing people and society together to help each other, how it can act a a uniting factor. Makes the world a little less scary, perhaps a little more beautiful? So finding that in a religious tradition (or where you can find it) is...
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claire nickell replied to Paul Whearty
Yes, Olive, i love this concept! Reading responses from you and Carole, I also wonder if we can also look at our assumptions around what "peace" means. In the same sense that conflict is not necessarily negative, perhaps peace is not necessarily an ideal state, especially when it falls closer to complacency. Or another thought, what if peace doesn't mean "lack...
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claire nickell replied to Paul Whearty
I had a similar experience with this lecture, my mind was a little blown by the idea taht conflict itself is not necessarily negative, just a normal thing that happen. Cool!
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I like your take on what substantive vs functional defnitions are, i was a little unclear.
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claire nickell made a comment
i didn't get a chance to ask around so i googled "define religion" and read through a few of the initial entries. One seemed to resonate a bit with my belief about religion, namely that it is a set of ideas about the world and it is usually about providing some comfort or explanation for things that we don't understand. In prehistoric times (the long ago) we...
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claire nickell made a comment
Raised by hippie-Buddhists, but now secular humanist. Studied International Development in university, found my way to Arizona and a computer networking career. Love to travel, and learn new things about the world and myself. Really looking forward to this course and hopefully some insights into all this conflict around the world!
