Barbara W
I enjoy history, art, classical music, gardening, birding, geology, etymology, Japanee food, and law. Although "in my dotage," I have not yet decided what I want to be if I ever grow up.
Activity
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Barbara W made a comment
Masculinity is constantly referenced in this play. Here, Lady Macbeth bemoans her "female" attributes. Later she will challenge her own husband when he has reservations about killing Duncan, "When you durst do it, then you were a man." Macbeth felt he knew the parameters of honorable manhood when he answered his wife, "Prithee peace! I dare do all that...
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Barbara W made a comment
I did not see that last line coming, "The ability to close read language, Shakespeare implies, is one of our most important tools against tyranny." Beware the politician's promise! It also harkens back to the equivocation charges against the Gunpowder conspirators.
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@RitaMacKinnon No I haven't. But it looks like one I will be looking for.
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Barbara W made a comment
Generally, highborn characters speak in verse, and those of the lower classes speak in prose. Macbeth is a very good play to watch how this works. One of the most interesting scenes is the first scene of Act V. A doctor and Lady Macbeth's gentle woman are both speaking in prose when Lady Macbeth enters wringing her hands and speaking in prose, a pretty sure...
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Barbara W made a comment
If I were directing this play, when Macbeth addresses his wife and says, "Bring forth men-children only; For thy undaunted mettle should compose Nothing but males." I would have him gently cup her chin as a sign that they are reconciled both in purpose and affection.
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Barbara W made a comment
I liked Polanski's ladies. Of course two are the stereotypical old crones, the poor spinsters and widows that society shunned and feared; but here they are given a scintilla of power to take revenge on a world that had abandoned them. As I mentioned before, Goold's nurses creeped me out too much.
I think I got twisted in an weird clip because I also had... -
Barbara W made a comment
Lennox reports that on the night of Duncan's murder, the night was full of lamentings, screams, accents terrible, and the "obscure bird clamored the livelong night. That's pretty standard for the death of a medieval monarch. But during the play, Macbeth becomes highly sensitive to sound. It starts with the bell, then the knocking at his door the morning...
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Barbara W made a comment
I'm not sure I get the question. Looking at the cast of characters, only Banquo's son Fleance and Malcolm's brother Donalbain are unaccounted for. There is a stage direction in Act V, Scene 8 that reads: "Enter with Drums and Colors, Malcolm Siward, Ross, Thanes and Soldiers." Thanes should include Lennox, Menteith, Angus, and Caithness. Lady Macbeth does...
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Barbara W made a comment
This is theatre. MacBeth had a 17-year stint as king and appears to have been a popular and prosperous monarch. MacBeth had no children; his successor was his stepson, Lulach, son of Gruach's (Lady MacBeth's) first husband. It was Lulach who was defeated by Duncan's son Malcolm just seven months after MacBeth's death. There is no historical evidence for...
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Barbara W made a comment
For me, the most frightening witches I've seen in a production were those in which Patrick Stewart played the lead roll.
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Barbara W made a comment
Treatment of Romeo and Juliet was superficial. Enjoyed issues explored for Merchant of Venice.
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Barbara W made a comment
Is it merciful to demand a Jew become Christian? See Antonio's demand (Act IV, Scene i, line 385) What about a Christian's forced conversion to Islam? What if the characters' religious affiliations were changed to Protestantism and Catholicism? Given the alternate persecution of Protestants by Queen Mary and the subsequent prejudice against Catholics in...
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@MaryR Thank you for the link! I've just purchased it and look forward to a good read.
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Barbara W made a comment
I have yet to see a production of this play where there is any mercy shown to Shylock. One of the most heart-wrenching endings was a silent "forced conversion" where his sidelocks were cut and his prayer shawl removed. It was a very powerful statement about the hypocrisy of Christian characters after hearing Portia's moving speech.
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Barbara W replied to Paul Edwards
There is nothing in the contract about blood, but this is theatre. Shakespeare is free to create his own legal code. The prohibition against a Jew's shedding Christian blood is based on the law of the land, not contract law.
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Barbara W made a comment
I think this is completely at the discretion of the director and/or actor. I think most of today's audiences would be greatly offended if he were portrayed as he was in the Elizabethan period. I find it interesting that I've never seen his daughter Jessica cast in a negative light.
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Barbara W made a comment
What prompted Shakespeare to write this play at this time? I wonder if his 12-year-old daughter Susannah had confided a young women's infatuation, and this was a cautionary tale against rash conduct. If, by "romantic love," one is speaking of immediate gratification, then the play shines a light on it. But if one is speaking of "true love" which involves...
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Barbara W made a comment
Can't wait to see the comparative analysis of Lorenzo and Jessica's "On such a night" dialogue!
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Barbara W made a comment
Teenagers, headstrong, impetuousness
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Barbara W made a comment
I'm fortunate to live close to Cedar City, Utah, where Shakespeare plays have been produced in repertoire in a summer festival for over fifty years. I've seen almost all the plays there and in other venues (I admit skipping some of the histories and TA) and love seeing new productions. The emphasis and interpretation, staging and creativity of directors and...
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Barbara W made a comment
At what point does an artist's production of a play written by Shakespeare cease to be Shakespeare? For me, from what I could see in the clip for Guidi's "Macbeth," it is clearly a production "based on a play by Shakespeare" rather than Shakespeare. Berlioz, Prokofiev, Tchaikovsky, and several other composers wrote major orchestral pieces/ballets called...
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Barbara W made a comment
Having read through many contributions, it immediately became apparent that there is no consensus on the definition of "global" and "local." And I'm not going to try and offer categorical definitions. Speaking from a purely personal point of view, I have loved Shakespeare performances in all sorts of venues with all sorts of costuming. Watching how...
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The cuts clearly maintain the plot lines, but Jessica McMichael has astutely pointed out that Polonius probably will not appear as bombastic and tiresome in the film as he does in the text.
There were three instances in which I would have retained more dialogue. I would have kept Laertes admonition to Ophelia, "Fear it, Ophelia, fear it, my dear sister, And... -
Barbara W made a comment
Speaking from experience, being aware of all the bawdy jokes can be rather awkward. Just after parsing Romeo and Juliet in one of my college courses, I saw a live performance. When some of the salacious lines came up, I involuntarily chortled. The patrons around me, who had obviously missed the double entendres, thought I was a bit cracked.
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Barbara W made a comment
One thing that did not appear on the timeline was Shakespeare's education. It cannot be documented that he attended, but he did have access to King's New School, the local grammar school in Stratford. This was no backwater school. The headmaster had an annual salary of 20 pounds, more than the headmaster at Eton received! The three masters were graduates...
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Barbara W replied to Linda Platten
@ConnorWebster Elizabeth did not start sumptuary laws. They go clear back to the Greeks and Romans. In England, I believe Edward III was the first to enact them in regards to dress. Henry VII placed tight restrictions on use of "cloth of gold."
It appears most of these laws were designed to define status and class. These extended far beyond dress. ... -
Barbara W made a comment
The final lines in Philip Bird's summary really made an impression on me. This is theatre created by actors, not a director. I'm going to join others in saying that I would be very interested in seeing a play performed in this manner. However, apparently that only happens on opening night!
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Barbara W made a comment
The dialogue certainly comes across as spontaneous rather than rehearsed. And I was impressed that the Countess naturally fitted action to words. I had to double check Helena's last lines as I could not follow her logic. But they didn't make any more logic in the text I referred to. Perhaps this is a product of her confusion and embarrassment at having...
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Barbara W made a comment
Sorry, I got a bit tangled at the end and Helena's final speech just didn't make sense to me.
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Barbara W made a comment
When were directors invented? Apparently the book-holder was the only one who had access to a play in its entirety. But he only did prompts and props. So they tenor of the play developed on opening night?
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Having Ophelia re-enact Hamlet's actions as she speaks with Polonius is a very interesting stage direction. I think it could be extremely touching. I only fear that a daughter's love may temper my general dislike for the old snoop.
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Barbara W made a comment
Bit of a pickle here as in the last Hamlet production I saw, the director had chosen to make Hamlet, not only sane and canny, but also deeply in love with Ophelia, and she in love with him. Were I to direct this scene, I would have Ophelia speaking with her father, but gazing at a doorway in which Hamlet would act out the motions as she describes them. And...
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Barbara W made a comment
No more of that. I pray you, in your letters,
When you shall these unlucky deeds relate,
Speak of me as I am. Nothing extenuate,
Nor set down aught in malice.
Then must you speak
Of one that loved not wisely, but too well;
Of one not easily jealous, but being wrought,
Perplexed in the extreme. Of one, whose hand
(Like the base Judean) threw a Pearl... -
Insightful observations. You may be interested in the editor's notes to line 266 in the Arden 3 edition. I commented above. Also, remember this is the play with the line, "Brave New World." England is dedicated to naval exploration and English settlements in North America. Sir Walter Raleigh's settlement in Roanoke, Virginia, (1585) ulitmately failed,...
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Barbara W made a comment
Others have covered the Sycorax and blue-eyed issues. What I found intriguing was the editor's comments in Arden 3 about line 266. Crediting Charles Lamb, the Vaughns referred to a 1541 naval launched by Charles V which was aborted when an Algerian witch "put a curse on the fleet, raising a furious storm that drove the ships away." Shades of Prospero! Yet...
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Barbara W made a comment
Interesting juxtapositions.
Shakespeare speaks as an aged lover who compares himself to the dying day, "after sunset fadeth in the west" with night/death near. His lover has seen him in his prime, using the image of a tree, home to birdsong/thoughts/emotions, but now withered and bare; or as the ashes of a once glowing fire. He expresses his gratitude to... -
Barbara W made a comment
Given that no complete manuscript version of any play exists, perhaps the most important thing print did was preserve Shakespeare's plays, period. Various quartos may reflect poor memories or revisions of scripts. And the compiled folios (the history of which has not been presented yet) confirms that Shakespeare's fellow actors John Heminges and Henry...
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Barbara W made a comment
I found the presentation in Lesson 1.12 about the four theatrical versions of Shakespeare very interesting. Since I have always viewed the text as an intrinsic part of the play, I was at first befuddled by the concept that Shakespeare could be performed without his words. But then I enjoy performances of translations of French plays and Ibsen's Danish plays,...
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Barbara W made a comment
I have the indescribable luck of living close to Cedar City, Utah, where the Utah Shakespeare Festival is held in a smaller (capacity 921) version of the open air Globe Theatre every summer (except this year!) Because we have the luxury of electricity, plays are performed in the evening (daytime temperatures are oppressive.) We do have to adjourn to an...
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Here in the US, I think most students are introduced to Shakespeare by reading a play in high school, and this is absolutely the wrong way to go about it. Shakespeare was written for theater and should be seen as theater. One advantage is that seeing a performance joins the action to the word and thus obviates some of the language barrier. With so many...
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Barbara W made a comment
I'm old enough to be familiar with the Edward de Vere controversy generated by the utter paucity of information about Shakespeare, so there was nothing new here.
However, i did delve more into the "second best bed" problem, and found an extremely interesting treatise which not only considers the medieval concept of dower, but the effects of Henry VIII's... -
Barbara W made a comment
Insightful, brilliant, playful
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Barbara W replied to Caroline J
Thanks to Caroline, I want to change my Beast's eyes. If we choose to think of the old adage, "the eyes are the windows to the soul," Beast must have beautiful eyes that can express tenderness, sorrow, and even joy when he has pleased Beauty.
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@drIUliaLuca Beast killed his former wives? What former wives? That was not in either the Villeneuve or Beaumont versions I read.
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Thanks Maz. Actually it was easy to make the distortions because adult male warthogs are so ugly. What is interesting is how adorable the piglets are!
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Barbara W made a comment
The first moral is quite easy: Curiosity killed the cat.
The second moral is a nonsequitur. This is another rendering of the second moral: Apply logic to this grim story, and you will ascertain that it took place many years ago. No husband of our age would be so terrible as to demand the impossible of his wife, nor would he be such a jealous malcontent.... -
I've already stated I think this is a very poorly written story. Virtue is not rewarded; disobedience is not punished. It is not entertaining, the characters are not developed, and the time line doesn't work. No explanation is given for what happened to the party guests, why Anne is still there, and why her brothers are on the way, (but the special effects...
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Barbara W made a comment
Irritated. I would not read this to children. Too many worthy battles to be fought to bother with this clap-trap.
This is not a tale of virtue rewarded or disobedience punished. The wife certainly did nothing to merit the windfall. And why was she expecting her brothers? Were they late to yesterday's great party? Could the wife have left with the... -
Barbara W made a comment
I'm with Carole, Caitlyn, and Anna. It's a story about inability to resist curiosity, nothing more. Don't look, don't eat, don't touch, don't open - we know that the protagonist is going to look, eat, touch, or open, and there will be a surprising twist to the story. Just this one has a very nasty secret.
To be honest, I think is a sad excuse for a story. ... -
Barbara W made a comment
Those bodies are going to eventually reek to high heaven. And the keyhole is going to allow that odor to seep out into the passageway.
I'm not going into the reasons the bodies are still there. That's a job for the criminal profilers, and I cannot relate to that mentality. -
Barbara W made a comment
Of course she has agency. She is just swayed by all the wealth and gaiety of the week-long house party. This is what she is attracted to and feels that having it will be just compensation for a less than handsome husband. How do withered rich men acquire "trophy wives?" Look around, how many women (and men) today are willing to put up with...
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Barbara W made a comment
I had accidentally read "Blue Beard" years ago. I thought it was going to be a pirate story.
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Barbara W made a comment
Did a quick reread of "Sleeping Beauty," and had no idea she had an ogress for a mother-in-law. Shades of "Winter's Tale." https://www.pitt.edu/~dash/perrault01.html Moral: Double-check the guest list. Alternate moral: Meet the prospective in-laws before the wedding.
Not sure what to make of "Puss and Boots" as it was the cat's cleverness, not the young... -
Barbara W made a comment
I've read Andersen, Grimm, McDonald, and Wilde's "Happy Prince." Right now, I'm considering "incomplete data." Tough to compare the couple dozen Andersen tales I know which run the gamut from delightful to depressing with the two/four French tales. I feel compassion for many of his characters which I certainly did not feel for either of the "Reds" or...
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Barbara W made a comment
Back in the Neolithic period I took a class in Italian Renaissance literature that covered Boccaccio, but I never delved into 17th Century French literature, so this is all new to me. Quite interesting when looking at it from that perspective.
Having learned my fairy tales from books my mother read to me, I can see that women especially would be attracted to... -
Barbara W made a comment
Surprising? That after all this 21st Century analysis, Disney had the best plot and most interesting characters.
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Barbara W made a comment
The whole story falls apart when analyzed. Why couldn't Beauty just be happy with a husband who was kind, patient, honest, and filthy rich? Did he HAVE to be handsome. Apparently so.
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Barbara W made a comment
Beaumont: Is it his fault if he is so ugly, and has so little sense? He is kind and good, and that is sufficient. Why did I refuse to marry him? I should be happier with the monster than my sisters are with their husbands; it is neither wit, nor a fine person, in a husband, that makes a woman happy, but virtue, sweetness of temper, and complaisance, and...
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Barbara W made a comment
I have now come to the conclusion that we are trying to read too much into something that was written primarily for entertainment. As for self-sacrifice and hiding one's emotions, the father is coming off as pretty deplorable and not worth saving. He should have returned to face his fate in three month's time and kept his mouth shut about having one of his...
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Barbara W replied to Dragica Kumrić
@JoannaLewis Thank you for sharing this sad story. Unfortunately, here in the US, bullying and disparagment is promoted and encouraged at the highest level in government.
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Barbara W made a comment
I think the character of Gaston is a brilliant addition. At first, he comes across as foppish and shallow, someone the audience can laugh at. After all, how much damage can someone so clueless do? It's only later that his cruel nature is revealed. Once more, appearances are so deceptive!
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Barbara W made a comment
Back to the aristocratic audience. The ability to control one's emotions in public is extremely important, as are tact and diplomacy. These are virtues not often associated with the "lower classes," and Beauty's ability to clear these hurdles clearly mark her as having noble attributes.
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Barbara W made a comment
Whoa! Let's look at the story in context. Back in Lesson 2.5, we were told that both Villeneuve and Beaumont were writing for aristocratic audiences. How would they view these stories?
Many noble families were well aware that the merchant class often had more wealth and lavish lifestyles and they truly resented it. They would see Beauty's family as... -
Barbara W made a comment
A bit put off by the first sentence of the second paragraph: The youngest, as she was handsomer, was also better than her sisters. So the premise of the story starts with physical attributes being indicative of character/worth.
I also have a question about her being the youngest. Today, we usually see the "baby of the family" as cute, irresponsible, and... -
Barbara W made a comment
Reread Beaumont after reading Villeneuve (who really focused on materiality, even Beauty's.) It was nice to see how thoughtful Beaumont's changes were.
I did not like Villeneuve's nightly "prince dreams" followed by a visionary interpreter. (And if Villeneuve's Beauty really thought the prince was being held prisoner by Beast, she did precious little to... -
Barbara W made a comment
Am I the only one unfamiliar with Villeneuve"s version? Here's a link to read it.
https://humanitiesresource.com/ancient/articles/Beauty_and_Beast-Final.pdf
In this version, Beauty seems to BE the bête who can't seem to take a hint. -
Barbara W made a comment
Because Beauty's counterpart is "Beast," I feel tied to the animal kingdom. It's odd that we use the word "beast" to denote a cruel human, but this creature is not brutish in behavior. (Apparently other renderings of bête are "stupid" or "foolish." Beast is neither.) Otherwise, I would have portrayed a deformed human. (Think Phantom. I don't want to hear...
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Barbara W replied to Dragica Kumrić
Thank you, thank you, thank you, Dragica, for this amazing story. You sent me scurrying to see if this could possibly be true, and it is. Everyone should check out this link: https://new.artsmia.org/stories/the-hairy-family-and-the-habsburgs/
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Barbara W made a comment
I am an absolute sucker for Disney's live action film musical "Beauty and the Beast" starring Emma Watson and Dan Stevens. I like the self-absorbed Gaston as a foil to Beauty instead of her sisters. Otherwise, it's too close to Cinderella with the mean stepsisters.
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Barbara W made a comment
I've learned that I don't particularly like psychoanalyzing fairy tales. Knowing how cocoa beans are processed doesn't make the chocolate bar taste any better. But I shall press on.
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Barbara W made a comment
In a sense, I must be the child who can't accept the impossible in the case of the Grimms' version of Red Cap. So I don't like it and I'm not sure what I'm supposed to like about it. I certainly don't like people cutting up wolves. I also dislike books and movies with inconsistent and far-fetched story lines.
And yet I truly like the "magic" in many fairy... -
Barbara W made a comment
Maybe this is simply a silly summer movie. (Think of all the stupid teenagers in horror movies who just have to open the closet door instead of leaving the house!)
I did not like Grimm's tale, principally because of the ludicrous bit about cutting open the wolf's belly and Red Cap and Granny bounding out. If we are viewing these as teaching stories, what... -
I've been amazed at how many others are in the Little Match Girl camp. So are Nichola James and Patricia Barr. We should all grab a box of tissues and watch Old Yeller together.
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Barbara W replied to Patricia Barr
@NicolaJames and Patricia. I wish I could say the story made me feel compassionate; I wonder if I was born cynical. And yet I like George McDonald's stories for children, Gifts of the Child Christ.
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Oh, I would love to read the wolf and prince story. Do you have a reference or a link? Thanks.
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Barbara W made a comment
Again, I'm going to look at exactly what Perrault wrote. The wolf did not say, "Take off your clothes." The wolf was not naked, and I don't think LRRH was either. I think she was wearing her shift which she would normally wear if she were to retire for the night.
But we outsiders observe the slippery slope. A perfectly innocuous invitation to share a... -
Barbara W made a comment
I disagree with Bettelheim. I do not see all fairy stories as for the edification of children. I think many fairytales/folktales have made it through the ages because adults like stories, too. After all, Grimm's "Children's Tales" had to be reworked to make them suitable for children, but they had survived as adult tales through generations.
And I think... -
Barbara W replied to Lynn Finney
(Comment edited and pasted to next section.)
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Just a side note from something I read ages ago. As Anna mentioned, children should be taught about how to behave around adults they do not know. A child should be taught that if they need help from an adult, they should seek help for themselves, preferably from a woman (sorry, guys, but statistically the odds are better for the child) and avoid help offered...
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Barbara W made a comment
Reading so many comments, I can see that people today are very out of touch with the forests of yesteryear. Wolves, bears, and lynx have been extirpated from Great Britain and most of the states in the US. So it looks like the real evil in the wild may be man.
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Barbara W made a comment
I can't think of a fairy tale in which a wolf is not an evil character - Three Little Pigs; Seven Kids. And when Shakespeare really wanted to vilify Margaret of Anjou, he called her a she-wolf. I think wolves also get bad press in Russian fairy tales.
On the other hand, in the American southwest, Native American folk tales portray Coyote as the consummate... -
Barbara W replied to Beth Lewis
@GeraldineR I had not heard of this either. I found the story here:
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_Household_Tales_(Edwardes)/The_Nose-Tree -
Barbara W replied to Patricia Barr
Sorry, I posted before I read down the list. I didn't think anyone else would have chosen this story. My mother had the same reaction as Nicola's. So why did we choose it?
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Barbara W made a comment
The Little Matchgirl by Hans Christian Anderson is probably is not strictly a fairy tale, but it was my favorite story as a child. I'm not sure what that says about me. Clinical depression?
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Barbara W made a comment
There is nothing disgraceful about displaying the naked body of a monarch in this time period.
I previously posted a more complete accounting of the funeral for Edward IV back on Lesson 4.10.
From Charles Ross's Edward IV:
King Edward's body, naked except for a loincloth, was laid upon a board in Westminster Palace, whilst the lords spiritual and... -
Barbara W replied to Janet Enoch
Deleted.
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Barbara W made a comment
I posted this in the previous section, but it apparently answers the "ship" question. This illustration is from Jean de Wavrin's Chronicles of English History. The text is illustrated in this deluxe copy by a scene of Richard II (r. 1377–1399) at a sumptuous feast, surrounded by members of the English court, including the Dukes of York [Edmund], Gloucester...
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Excellent suggestions. Did anyone notice the part of the caption that read "Royal 14 E IV"? This illustration is from Jean de Wavrin's Chronicles of English History. The text is illustrated in this deluxe copy by a scene of Richard II (r. 1377–1399) at a sumptuous feast, surrounded by members of the English court, including the Dukes of York [Edmund],...
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Barbara W replied to Dawn Ruckley
Just a thought about the chickens - about half of any brood should be available for the pot since they will grow up to be roosters! Unless those were being groomed for cockfighting.
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Barbara W replied to Judith Lynn
@JudithLynn Relevant and entertaining. Ironically, I just purchased Ian Mortimer's "Time Traveler's Guide to Medieval England," and haven't had time to read it because I also bought "The Outcasts of Time," his time-traveling fantasy about two men living in 1348 who will wake up 99 years later for six days in a quest to save their souls. So far, it's great...
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Barbara W made a comment
The medieval church is something I would have liked to have seen explored more in depth. I do know that younger sons of aristocratic families were often expected to become clerics and that generous donations were often made to monasteries when sons and daughters were accepted for training. Also filling the church coffers were land grants and tithes of widows...
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Barbara W made a comment
Will wonders never cease? I'd never heard of "grains of paradise" (from the Manuel of Good Housekeeping) and now I found it on Amazon.com! I'm absolutely amazed at the liberal use of spices in these recipes. No wonder the spice merchants made fortunes and there was the search for a shorter sea route to the Spice Islands.
I didn't have time (or stomach)... -
Barbara W made a comment
Surely you jest!. As a peasant laborer, I can't afford the spices for the pies or the sugar and saffron, etc for the cabbage soup. Looks like barley soup again tonight.
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Barbara W made a comment
From Charles Ross's Edward IV:
King Edward's body, naked except for a loincloth, was laid upon a board in Westminster Palace, whilst the lords spiritual and temporal then in London, and the mayor and alderman, came to gaze upon it. The corpse was then embalmed, wrapped in cerements of waxed linen, clothed . . . and lay in state for eight days in St.... -
Barbara W made a comment
From Charles Ross's Edward IV: [Cont.]
[After the final masses were said], Offerings were then made of the accoutrements which were to rest upon the tomb - shield, sword and helmet - by those who had been close to the king by blood or service. After offerings made by ‘the man of arms’ Sir William Parr, controller of the household, clad in full armour, and... -
Barbara W made a comment
So the parishes did not make entries of christenings, marriages, and burials until after the dissolution of the monasteries? The earliest parish church records I could find in England were from 1538. The timing sounds suspicious.
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Barbara W made a comment
Want to see what all of Richard III's Book of Hours looked like?
http://leicestercathedral.org/book-hours/
Scroll beyond the lovely illuminated pages because there is an interesting analysis of the book and its history by Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs. -
Barbara W made a comment
What evidence is there that "[t]he printing press was conceived with the intention of refining and standardizing texts previously subject to the scribal errors and editorial modifications found in individual manuscripts?" I thought it was conceived as a means of making money by mass producing books and other printed material. We've already been told that...
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Barbara W replied to AM Ui Chuirc
I doubt it. Would you consider the internet of parallel importance? That has not brought either Robert Kahn or Vint Cerf a nod from the Nobel committee.
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Barbara W made a comment
Asked and answered after previous two lessons.