Course: Pharmacotherapy: Understanding Biotechnology Products

Macromolecules are large molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. In this juncture, macromolecules refer to proteins such as albumin, globulin or lipoproteins. Biologics are transported through the lymphatic …

Agritech involves the use of biotechnological principles, tools and techniques to modify living organisms including plants, animals, and microorganisms. Monsanto’s pest-resistant and high yield maize are important and productive examples …

Welcome to week 5. This week, we are going to learn PK/PD (pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic) Correlations of Biotechnology Products. Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the drug’s action on the body, and Pharmacokinetics (PK) is …

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. Initial applications of RNA interference include managing pests and …

Biologics and small molecule drugs differ biochemically and pharmacologically, therefore, formulation requirements are inherently different. Poor permeability and nonspecific enzyme degradation rule out oral administration for biologics. Commonly accepted routes …

Late 1980’s witnessed some very significant discoveries, from oncomouse to oncogene, from oil-eating bacteria to genetically modified foods. Also of paramount importance is the Human Genome Project which was established …

The delivery of drugs to a target site frequently involves distribution and transport across various biological barriers. Factors that influence the transport of biologics include molecular size, membrane permeability, macromolecule …

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used in molecular biology to rapidly make multitude of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to study it in detail. …

As biotechnologies mature, commercial products follow naturally, including human growth hormone, human insulin, and even living organism. In 1983, a revolutionary technique, polymerase chain reaction was invented to amplify or …

A series of illuminating scientific discoveries were made in the mid- to late 20th century, including DNA structure, thermos-stable enzyme, endonuclease, r-DNA and monoclonal antibody. Recombinant DNA and monoclonal antibody …

Historically, breakthrough scientific discoveries happened in sequential timeline. The invention of the compound microscope led to the discovery of E. Coli and the bacteria’s origin of fermentation. Protein was discovered …

At its earliest, biotechnology was simply defined as any technology based on biology (Karl Ereky, 1919). By this general definition, humans practiced biotechnology very early in civilization, including the selection …

This week, we have learnt components, structures and functions of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA; rDNA technologies and their applications to the manufacturing of biotechnology products; the DNA technologies used …

This week, we have learnt types of immune response and immunity; factors that influence antibody formation of therapeutic proteins; structure factor of immunogenicity; clinical effects of induced antibodies; immunogenicity; and …

This week, we have learnt microbiological considerations of quality control of biotechnology products; aseptic conditions for the manufacturing of biotechnology products; additives used in parenteral formulation of biotechnology products; routes …