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Paragraph leaders in a section of text

Look back at “Privatising Basic Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Millennium Development Goal Impact”, from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Read through the section titled “The Push for Privatisation”. …

Organising ideas in a paragraph

In this video you will see how the sentences provided in the previous Step are correctly organised in the finished paragraph. Did you get the sentences in the correct order? …

Elements of a paragraph

Paragraphs consist of three key elements: the paragraph leader, supporting sentences and concluding sentence. In this video Jonathan identifies and explores the purpose of each element, and explains how to …

Patrick’s essay: paragraphs

You need to use paragraphs in your academic essay so that your reader understands the organisation of the text and can return to different points to re-read if necessary. What …

Writing complete sentences

Effective academic writing combines short sentences, and longer, more complex ones. Accurate sentence structure helps the reader to break down sentences, particularly long ones, into units of meaning, and to …

Sentence structure

Sentence structure is a very complex area, and on this course you do not need to be able to analyse sentences in a lot of detail. However, some understanding is …

The building blocks of written language

There are different levels of structure within written language. A good way to remember these is through the diagram below. Text A text is a complete piece of writing. A …

Word families and noun phrases

One useful way to develop your vocabulary it is to get into the habit of learning groups of words which are related to one another through their meaning and form. …

Week 2 summary

This Week you explored: How to search for and identify relevant information sources. Different techniques for reading widely, around a subject. The SQ3R technique for reading efficiently, making notes and …

Compare your notes

Look at the sample notes below. How do these notes compare with your notes? Look at comments column – do you agree with the comments or do you have any …

SQ3R: process of note-taking

The SQ3R strategy helps you to read efficiently and take notes of the most relevant information for your academic essay. Take a look at what SQ3R means: In this video, …

Surveying and engaging with a text

Remember that in your academic writing you need to include references to source texts you have read. Once you have found a text which is useful for your writing purpose, …

Reading in different ways

Once you have selected your texts, you will need to read in different ways depending on the information you need for your essay. Read for background information – here you …

Choosing credible sources

As mentioned before, the quality of content on the internet is very variable, and much of it is unsuitable for use on an academic assignment. There are a number of …

Using search engines

There are many different search engines you can use, and people tend to have their own preferences related to the type of searches they conduct. Google Scholar searches databases of …